#1
The average new house requires 2.7 tonnes of steel
This estimate is sourced from a New Zealand government document from November 2019 called Responsibly delivering value, a minerals strategy aimed at outlining the natural resources New Zealand will need in the coming decades, particularly the next ten years.
On page 12 of the document it is stated the average new house contains about 2.7 tonnes of steel in the form of roofing and structural reinforcement.
The document can be found in full here.
#2
Coal is one of the key ingredients in steel manufacturing
This information is sourced from one of a series of factsheets produced by the World Steel Association, an international industry body. The information on raw materials used in steel production is available here.
#3
Coal is vital for removing the oxygen from iron ore
This information is sourced from one of a series of factsheets produced by the World Steel Association, an international industry body. The information on raw materials used in steel production is available here.
#4
The quantities of iron ore, coal, and other materials used in steel production world wide
These figures are sourced from one of a series of factsheets produced by the World Steel Association, an international industry body. The information on raw materials used in steel production is available here.
#5
The quantities of raw materials used to produce one tonne of steel
These figures are sourced from one of a series of factsheet produced by the World Steel Association, an international industry body. The information on raw materials used in steel production is available here.
#6
Quantities of scrap used in steel production
This is based on information from one of a series of factsheets produced by the World Steel Association, an international industry body. The factsheet that relates to scrap steel production is available here.
#7
Emissions reductions from recycling of scrap steel
This is based on information from one of a series of factsheets produced by the World Steel Association, an international industry body. The factsheet relates to scrap steel production and is available here.
#8
Lifespan of steel products
This is based on information from one of a series of factsheets produced by the World Steel Association, an international industry body. The factsheet relates to scrap steel production and is available here.
#9
Steel recovery rate estimates
This is based on information from one of a series of factsheets produced by the World Steel Association, an international industry body. The factsheet relates to scrap steel production and is available here.
#10
Recycled steel used in international steel production
This is based on information from one of a series of factsheets produced by the World Steel Association, an international industry body. The factsheet relates to scrap steel production and is available here.
#11
Release of water as a by-product when hydrogen is used to make steel
This is based on information from one of a series of factsheets produced by the World Steel Association, an international industry body. The factsheet that relates to the potential for hydrogen in steel production is available here.
#12
Percentage of hydrogen produced with natural gas
In 2020, the International Energy Agency produced a report called ‘The Future of Hydrogen’. The figure of 76% of hydrogen production coming from natural gas can be found on page 37 of the report, which is available in full here.
#13
Percentage of hydrogen produced with coal
In 2020, the International Energy Agency produced a report called ‘The Future of Hydrogen’. The figure of 23% of hydrogen production coming from coal can be found on page 37 of the report, which is available in full here.
#14
Natural gas and coal use stemming from hydrogen production
In 2020, the International Energy Agency produced a report called ‘The Future of Hydrogen’. The report states that the production of hydrogen globally accounts for 6% of natural gas use and 2% of coal use. This information can be found on page 37 of the report, which is available in full here.
#15
Quantities of electricity needed to replace coal and natural gas use in hydrogen production
In 2020, the International Energy Agency produced a report called ‘The Future of Hydrogen’. The report states that to maintain the current levels of production for hydrogen with electricity, about 3,600 terawatt hours would be required. This information can be found on page 37 of the report which is available in full here.
#16
Electricity generation of the European Union
In 2020, the International Energy Agency produced a report called ‘The Future of Hydrogen’. The report states that the annual electricity generation of the European Union is about 3,600 terawatt hours. This information can be found on page 37 of the report which is available in full here.
#17
Rate of renewable electricity generation in the European Union
The International Energy Agency compiles data and information on the energy sector all over the world. The statistic of the European Union’s electricity generation’s rate of renewable electricity generation sitting at 31% in 2018 is sourced from the agency’s data and statistics section. This information is available here.
#18
Quantity of electricity required to produce enough hydrogen to remove CO2 emissions from steel production
In 2020, the International Energy Agency produced a report called ‘The Future of Hydrogen’. The report estimates about 2,500 terawatt hours from renewable sources would be needed to produce green hydrogen in the quantities the steel industry would require. This information can be found on page 113 of the report, which is available in full here.
#19
Comparison with India, Japan, and Korea’s electricity consumption
In 2020, the International Energy Agency produced a report called ‘The Future of Hydrogen’. The report states that the 2,500 terawatt hours from renewable sources that would be needed to produce green hydrogen in the quantities the steel industry would require is roughly equivalent to the combined annual electricity demand of India, Japan, and South Korea. This information can be found on page 113 of the report, which is available in full here.
#20
Expected timeline for commercialisation of hydrogen based steel production
In 2020, the International Energy Agency produced a report called ‘The Future of Hydrogen’. In the report it states that Swedish joint venture, HYBRIT, is likely to open its first commercial plant for the production of steel with hydrogen in 2036. This information can be found on page 111 of the report, which is available in full here.
#21
Difficulties with transport and storage of iron, among other issues
This information is sourced one of a series of factsheets produced by the World Steel Association, an international industry body. The information on the logistical issues when dealing with hydrogen can be found in a factsheet on increasing the use of hydrogen in steel production is available here.
#22
Steel production using biomass as a source of carbon
This information is sourced from one of a series of factsheets produced by the World Steel Association, an international industry body. The information on the use of biomass in steel production was covered in a fact sheet on that particular topic and is available in full here.
#23
The use of charcoal in some Brazilian steel manufacturing
This information is sourced from one of a series of factsheets produced by the World Steel Association, an international industry body. The information on the use of biomass in Brazil for some steel production was covered in a fact sheet on that particular topic and is available in full here.
#24
Australian trials of biomass use in steel manufacturing
This information is sourced from one of a series of factsheets produced by the World Steel Association, an international industry body. The information on biomass trials in Australia was covered in a fact sheet on that particular topic and is available in full here.
#25
Forecast growth in demand for steel by 2030
In 2020, the International Energy Agency produced a report called ‘The Future of Hydrogen’. In the context of discussing the potential use of hydrogen in steel manufacturing, the report also looks at the forecast demand for steel worldwide in the coming years. The estimate figure of a 6% increase in demand can be found on page 108 of the full report, available here.
